Potatoes are a rewarding crop that is easy to grow, making them a great choice for beginner gardeners. They are low-maintenance, adaptable to different soils, and provide an abundant harvest.
Whether you want to grow classic russet potatoes, creamy Yukon Golds, or colorful heirloom varieties, this guide will walk you through everything you need to know about planting, growing, harvesting, and storing potatoes.
Understanding Potatoes
Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) are cool-weather vegetables that thrive in a variety of climates. While they produce larger yields in northern regions of the United States, they can also be grown as a winter crop in warmer areas.
Potatoes belong to the nightshade family, related to tomatoes, eggplants, and peppers, but they are uniquely suited to harsher growing conditions.
The edible part of the plant is the underground tuber, which develops from stolons (underground stems). Once the plant reaches about 6 to 8 inches in height, the tubers start to form.
Rich in nutrients, potatoes provide 45% of the daily recommended vitamin C and 18% of potassium, among other benefits.
Although grocery stores typically carry only a few potato varieties, gardeners can explore over 100 types that differ in skin color, flesh texture, and culinary use.
Planting Potatoes
Choosing Seed Potatoes
Seed potatoes are tubers specifically grown for planting. Unlike regular store-bought potatoes, seed potatoes are certified disease-free and have multiple “eyes” from which new growth will sprout.
Before planting, you can encourage sprouting by “chitting”—placing the seed potatoes in a bright, frost-free area for about 4 weeks. This process jumpstarts growth and leads to a quicker harvest.
If you need to cut larger potatoes into smaller sections, ensure each piece has at least one or two eyes. Allow them to dry for at least 48 hours before planting to prevent rot.
When to Plant
Potatoes should be planted 2 to 4 weeks before the last expected frost. Soil temperature should be at least 45°F at night and 55°F during the day.
In warmer climates, potatoes can be planted from September to February, while in cooler regions, early planting in March or April is recommended.
Soil and Sunlight Requirements
- Sunlight: Full sun (at least 6 hours per day)
- Soil Type: Loose, well-draining, and slightly acidic (pH 5.8–6.5)
- Preparation: Enrich soil with compost or organic matter before planting
How to Plant Potatoes
There are several methods for planting potatoes. Choose one based on your space and soil conditions.
1. Traditional In-Ground Planting
- Dig trenches about 6 inches deep.
- Space seed potatoes 12 to 18 inches apart.
- Cover with 2–3 inches of soil, adding more soil as the plants grow.
2. Hilled Rows
- Plant potatoes in rows and gradually mound soil around the base as they grow.
- Prevents sunlight exposure, reducing the risk of green, toxic tubers.
3. Straw Planting
- Place potatoes directly on the soil surface and cover with straw.
- Continue adding straw as the plants grow.
4. Container or Bag Planting
- Ideal for small spaces or patios.
- Start with 4 inches of soil in a large container, add seed potatoes, and cover.
- Continue adding soil as the plants grow.
Caring for Potato Plants
Watering
- Potatoes need 1–2 inches of water per week.
- Avoid overwatering, as soggy soil can lead to rot.
- Reduce watering when foliage turns yellow to signal the plant is nearing maturity.
Hilling
- Mound soil around plants every couple of weeks to cover new tuber growth.
- Prevents sun exposure, which can turn potatoes green and toxic.
Frost Protection
- Cover young plants with frost blankets or row covers if a late frost is expected.
Harvesting and Storing Potatoes
When to Harvest
- New Potatoes: Harvest about 60–80 days after planting when flowers bloom.
- Mature Potatoes: Wait until the foliage dies back (about 90–130 days).
How to Harvest
- Gently dig up tubers using a garden fork.
- Let harvested potatoes cure in a cool, dry place for 1–2 weeks before storage.
Storage Tips
- Store in a cool, dark place (45–50°F).
- Keep potatoes away from onions, as they release gases that can shorten shelf life.
- Do not store in the refrigerator, as cold temperatures can convert starches into sugar, altering taste.
Potato Varieties
Early-Season (60–80 days)
- ‘Red Norland’ – Red-skinned, ideal for boiling
- ‘Irish Cobbler’ – Great for mashing
Mid-Season (80–100 days)
- ‘Yukon Gold’ – Buttery, golden flesh
- ‘Red Pontiac’ – Adaptable and easy to grow
Late-Season (100–130 days)
- ‘Kennebec’ – High yield, good for storage
- ‘Elba’ – Resistant to diseases
Final Tips for Success
- Rotate potato crops yearly to prevent soil diseases.
- Test soil pH and amend as needed.
- Choose disease-resistant varieties for better yields.
- Experiment with different varieties to find your favorite!
Growing potatoes is a fun and fulfilling experience. With a little care and the right techniques, you’ll enjoy a bountiful harvest of delicious, homegrown potatoes!
